First World War

First World War or Great Ooaharb war that ended all wars is a war that has between 1914 and 1918. The use of chemical weapons in that war for the first time the world did not move a number of soldiers moved in as the Second World War. It was the bombing of civilians from the sky for the first time in history and was where the ethnic genocides.
War saw the victims of human history, not seen before and fell dynasties and dominant on Europe and the origin of which date back to the Crusades, was changed the political map of Europe. First World War is the seed of the movements and ideology Kalchioaip future conflicts as World War II, and even the Cold War.
War marked the beginning of the new world and the end of the European monarchies and aristocracies, and the Almwjaj of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, which in turn brought about a change in Chinese policy and Cuban also paved the way for the Cold War between the two giants, the Soviet Union and the United States. Brightness and luster due to Nazi Germany's defeat in the war and left a lot of things on hold until after the war. The war took a new form of technology in methods of intervention greatly in matters of war and the entry of elegance to her war-and a beautiful slice of civilians. After having fought wars Ptkabl competing armies on the battlefield away from the civilian, it was inhabited Mmantj yards of the battle for the fall of millions of victims.
Roots diplomacy
On June 28, 1914, was the assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria, "Franz Ferdinand" by the Serbian "Gavrilo Princip" Mmaojaj curses the Austrian Serbs and sparked the First World War. It is not fair to blame the assassination without reference to the back and look to the political situation of the European continent at that time to identify the fertile ground to ignite the First World War and the assassination were not only the hair that broke the camel's back. In the eighteenth century, France was on the brink of revolution and popular unrest was in the draw, was the French society is composed of the king at the top of the pyramid, and the people in the quagmire, and the church and the nobility of rank less than the King a little, but a far cry from the bottom layer (layer people). And change the economic wheel French, the latest configuration change, a new social class called the bourgeoisie, which in turn demanded to be treated as the nobility, despite being middle class. And increased severity of taxes placed on the people with the exception of the nobility as a result of military adventures of the French king Louis, the French tried to reform the French economy and turned the broken economic reform to a popular revolt led to Napoleon as the leader of France. Napoleon did not ever-processing of the armies and harness Europe a hotbed for himself and France using the French national feelings Bdgdgp Mmaohdt called a new sense of patriotism and belonging to the homeland.
And national sentiment has grown across Europe multi Anasryatea The conflict began between the adherents of the gig (national) and between proponents of traditional systems of governance, which calls for families to ascend the ancient and noble governance. Add to the above roots in the alliance between England and France, according to the harmony friendly in 1904 and the hostility between them and between Germany due to the desire of Germany to establish an empire her refusal to put France Morocco under its control (First Moroccan Crisis) conference was held to end the crisis ended that Germany emerged zero hands and confirmed the necessity of facing the French Alliance Premier reason for what happened as it is noteworthy that Austria after the killing of the Crown Prince was sent to Germany asking for their support and agreed to Germany in retaliation from the Russians appeared to defuse the war in the ignition.
Explosion
Grown as a result of geographical doubled the Balkan war, and concern of Russia's support for Serbia to take over the Slavic lands of Austria. And arrived in Austria to the conviction of the attack on Serbia blow preventive to avoid the evil of the Serbs, as considered by Austrians to strike lightning Serbia solution to the internal problems of the Austro-Hungarian of the existence of two governments fear the Austrian and territorial integrity of neighboring Serbia, especially the latter expanded its turf (Austrian and Hungarian) under the monarchy of Austria. Austrians was responsible for the foreign policy of the empire, which calls for the reinforcement of the empire but the Hungarians opposed the expenditure required for the arms. And German support, the Austrian government sent a message with 10 points for the Serbian government as a threat by the Serbs and the conditions with the exception of one condition.
In 1909, Russia pledged to defend Serbian sovereignty versus silence on the Russian occupation of Bosnia. Russia moved troops arose as a result of pressure from Russian generals to defend the Serbs. Germany has demanded from Russia not to move troops and retreat of Russian troops on the state of readiness, and what did not comply with the demands of Russia, German, Germany declared war on Russia August 1, 1914 and the announcement last walkover against France on 3 August. ...
Arms race
Increased arms race that broke out between Germany and Britain, with the launch of Britain in 1906 of the warship HMS Dreadnought ship, which eliminated all of the ships before McCann.
Paul Kennedy points out that both Britain and Germany were together supply the theory of Alfred Thayer, which says that the control of the sea is so vital and shipbuilding is part of a general movement towards war.
Fronts
World War I (1914-1918)
First World War is the conflict that has ravaged the world, beginning in 1914 and the end of the year 1918, which resulted in competition between colonial powers Great, and has led the war to radical changes in the world, to an unstable equilibrium disturbed again on a large scale after 21 years when war broke out II.
The underlying causes behind the outbreak of the First World War many and complex, and can be summarized mainly as follows:
1 - colonial competition between European countries, particularly in the area of its ambition to make more colonies.
2 - the balance of power is not stable in Europe, and the control of Germany to Alsace-Lorraine following the Franco-Prussian War (1870), and the division of Europe into two main camps: the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and the tripartite alliance, consisting of France, Russia and Britain.
3 - the arms race between European powers, which is grown by small wars that broke out in Europe before the First World War as a war of the Balkans, and frictions in the colonies.
4 - the growth of the national spirit, especially in the empire of Austria-Hungary, consisting of several nationalities, and on the edges, especially in the Balkans.
The incident came the assassination of Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria in the 28 / 6 / mm 1914, at the hands of Serbian student in Sarajevo to undermine the European balance of flour. I have found an empire of Austria Hungary in the incident as a pretext to rely on German support, drew a warning to the Serbs claim the terms of humiliating and almost impossible. In spite of that the Serbs have accepted most of the Austro-Hungarian conditions, has announced that the war in the Empire 28/07/1914.
When Russia began to mobilize against Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war against Russia in the eighth. However, they also declared war on France on 3 / 8, and began invading through Belgium and Luxembourg, and soon, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 / 8, as Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. Italy and stayed for a period of on the fence, in the willingness of them to not to be drawn to stand with one of the parties before it became obvious reality of the situation. As the United States was in isolation and overseas, but Turkey's Islamic Alosmanin, historically hostile to Russia, which has grown its ties to Germany, did not enter the war until 29/10, while the fleet bombarded the Russian port on the Black Sea.
The war continued for four consecutive years, without yielding conclusive results, until its final year when the balance tilts in favor of the Allies against the Axis powers.
During those years, offered several attempts at a truce or peace, until the beginning of the year 1918, when select the U.S. President Wilson, a program of 14 points for peace, within general principles, including freedom of navigation in the seas, and disarmament of restrictions on trade, arms reduction, and re-Alsace Lorraine to France and other territorial adjustments in Europe and the world, and in the meantime, the Germans were trying to resolve the war before the United States can influence the course.
However, the Allies were able that year to achieve a string of successes on the Western Front, where German forces suffered defeats led to the beginning of disintegration. In 6 / 10 1918 and encountered a German Chancellor Baden U.S. President Wilson held a truce on the basis of his program. However, Wilson refused the request. In 29/10, I began an uprising in Germany was led by Communists and leftists. Was the formation of a socialist government announced that turning the country into a republic in 9 / 11.
The next day the German Emperor fled to the Netherlands, and the armistice negotiations began in 7 / 11, was reached in 11/11 Convention, which the Germans promised to evacuate all occupied territory and Alsace Lorraine and the German regions west of the Rhine, in addition to the three areas east of the Rhine occupied Allies, the Allies and the delivery of 5000 cannon and 25,000 machine guns and all the combat ships, submarines and German.
The Austrians have signed a truce in the 3 / 11 after it suffered defeats large, as the British succeeded in access to Aleppo in 25/10, and Turkey was forced to sign a truce in 30/10 in Modros.
On 06/28/1919, the completion of the Treaty of Versailles which included the demilitarization of Germany of its colonies and Alsace-Lorraine and weight, and parts of the Cassadg and Silesia. Also imposed by the compensation amounted to $ 56 billion, and the imposition of the Non-proliferation.
The First World War led to radical changes in the world, disappeared four empires are the great Islamic empire and the Austro-German, Russian, and Russian. There were several new countries and entities of the updated place such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Emerged from the Islamic Empire large areas of Armenia, the country's Arab and Thrace and Izmir, in accordance with the Treaty on the "Sefer", the war also led to the victory of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the emergence of the first socialist country in the world.
And I came out, Britain and France after the great achievements of the war, and reinforced by colonial control of vast areas of the world. In contrast, Germany has suffered from political and economic crises of great importance, contributed to the boot before the rise of Nazism, did not continue to balance that resulted from the First World War for a long time after completion. It collapsed in 1939 with the outbreak of World War II.
Have been mobilized around 65 million soldiers in various armies involved in the war, and the number of dead soldiers who died during the battles of more than 8 million soldiers, also estimated the economic cost of the war about 281 887 million, as the currency of those days.

Second Gulf War

Second Gulf War and also called the war to liberate Kuwait and Operation Desert Storm and was named by the Iraqi government in the name of mother of all battles, is the war that took place between Iraq and the international coalition of 30 countries led by the United States and legislation of the United Nations. The conflict began after the Iraqi army to invade Kuwait on August 2, 1990 and ended in February 1991. Consisted of the war of two main parts, namely the bombing campaign on targets inside Iraq and penetrated the ground to the coalition forces inside Iraqi territory, and extended the war on the geographic area included the territory of Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia was the launch of missiles, surface Scud Iraqi long-range targets inside Israel and Saudi Arabia.
Causes of conflict and its roots
Kuwait is a state governed by the Al-Sabah since the seventeenth century AD, and was inhabited by a group of tribes that were traded by sea with India and most of the population depend on trade with pearls. At the end of the nineteenth century Britain showed a keen interest in the North Persian Gulf, Vokdmt in 1899 to sign a treaty with the protection of Mubarak Al-Sabah Emir of Kuwait and Britain pledged under this Convention to protect the independence of the State of Kuwait. Kuwaitis often based on this Agreement of being an independent state for the authority of the Ottoman Empire and therefore Iraq. It is noteworthy that Britain intervened militarily at least three times to ensure the independence of Kuwait, the first time in 1920 when troops surrounded the Muslim Brotherhood, led by Faisal Duwaysh Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Salem Al-Sabah in the Red Palace west of Kuwait after the battle of Jahra, after he agreed Sheikh Salem conditions Faisal Duwaysh down the Muslim Brotherhood to Sbihia and unscrewed the siege of the palace when he came back to Sheikh Salem to Kuwait City request from Britain protected from Duwaysh who was a camp in the Sbihia South Kuwait waiting for the implementation of the requirements for reconciliation sent Britain reservoirs warships to protect Kuwait City from any attack as well as several fighter planes and sent a formal warning to Doic of the consequences of the attack Kuwait on the second time in 1961 when he tried to Abdel Karim Qasim's invasion of Kuwait, Britain sent troops to protect Kuwait from any possible invasion, and the third time in 1991 after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Over the years, the Ottoman Empire did not interfere in the internal affairs of Kuwait, did not appoint or isolate the ruler or judge, did not exist on its territory troops Ottoman one, did not enlist their children to serve the Turkish army. Kuwait's troubles began with the neighboring countries, after reports confirmed the existence of huge oil reserves under the land of Kuwait.
In 1935 considered the King Ghazi bin Faisal bin Hussein, Kuwait part of Iraq, opened a private radio station in his royal palace Palace flower allotted broadcast campaign to annex Kuwait to Iraq and almost the Iraqi army sweeps of Kuwait and the death of King Ghazi in a car accident in 1939 when he was driving his car that crashed into one of the poles. In 1961 and after the declaration of independence of Kuwait, said the then Iraqi leader Abdul Karim Kassem on television and that "Kuwait is an integral part of Iraq." During the Iraq war - Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait supported the Iraq economically because of what he called some of the concerns of these countries the spread of the Islamic Revolution because of the presence of a Shi'ite minority in these two countries. Reached the volume of Kuwaiti aid to Iraq during the Iraq war - Iran to nearly $ 14 billion, Iraq was hoping to pay this debt by raising oil prices by reducing the rate of production of OPEC oil, but Kuwaiti member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries raised the proportion of its oil production rather than reduced which is what he really wanted to debt-ridden Iraq after the Iran-Iraq war. Some political analysts believe that the holding of Kuwait, this was as a pressure on the Iraqi government to resolve outstanding border problems for decades. Iraq began to bring charges of Kuwait that Kuwait has the work of exploration is not licensed for oil in the Iraqi side of the Rumaila oil and call it in Kuwait right Ratqa a common field between Kuwait and Iraq, and said then-President Saddam Hussein that the Iraqi-Iranian war, which lasted 8 years was as a defense for the eastern gate of the Arab nation as he put it and that Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, debt negotiation or cancel all the debts on Iraq.
One outcome of the war Aerakipaliiranip the destruction of Iraqi ports on the Persian Gulf, which paralyzed the Iraqi export of oil from these ports and the Iraqi leadership to take into account the future possibility of conflict with Iran, once again, but they require a larger area of the coast bordering the Persian Gulf was Kuwait's best chance To achieve this strategic superiority.
I tried the Iraqi leadership in addition to housing a national of this conflict arose up with the idea that Kuwait was part of Iraq has been cut off this section by Western imperialism, as its expression has also been the exploitation of synchronization of this conflict with the events Masmi uprising, a Palestinian first, where most of the rulers of Arab countries including Kuwait and Saudi Arabia good relations with the West, calling the Iraqi leadership as "agents of the West" and tried to raise the idea of the Iraqi leadership as the only Arab country which counters the United States of America and Israel.
Iraqi-American relations before the Second Gulf War
The relations, Iraq - U.S. Relations, where he was cool to Iraq has strong ties with the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Friendship with the Soviets on April 9, 1972. The reservations of the United States on Iraq because of Iraq's position on Israel and the Iraqi support for the Palestinian Abu Nidal group, which was known to open - the Revolutionary Council or the Abu Nidal Organization. And that was on the list of U.S. foreign terrorist groups.
After the outbreak of the Iraq war - Iran committed itself to the United States of America neutral stance in the beginning of the war but that this position changed in 1982 with Iran to achieve military victories and retrieval of all land incursion into the Iraqi army at the beginning of the Iraq war - Iran. Was the only obstacle to the resumption of diplomatic ties between Baghdad and Washington, Abu Nidal and his Fatah - Revolutionary Council or the Abu Nidal Organization and quickly left Almjmuapalarac to Syria and the United States sent U.S. envoy Donald Rumsfeld to Baghdad and began a new page of relations.
The United States fears the idea of "exporting the Islamic revolution", and was envoy to the White House, Donald Rumsfeld to meet with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein twice in the December 19, 1983 and March 24, 1984 It is worth mentioning that the March 24, 1984 date of the second meeting between Rumsfeld and Saddam Hussein is the same Today was issued by the United Nations issued a statement deploring the use of Iraq's chemical weapons in the war has the United States to provide military intelligence and aerial maps of Iraq and at the same time, the arming of Iran indirectly by the arms deal known name scandal Iran - Contra affair has shown Reports of U.S. intelligence was declassified recently that the United States was in their interest to prolong the war and prevent Iran's progress on the military victory in the war.
The U.S. administration used the American branch of the largest Italian bank in the United States of America, which was headquartered in Atlanta, capital of the state of Georgia to transfer amounts of $ 5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989. Contributed to the United States to build Iraq's arsenal of chemical weapons by supplying Iraq with materials "with a dual use," such as large samples of anthrax and Alclaustreda Alhustoblazma and all of which are very dangerous bacteria. The funds were available from the budget of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at a rate of $ 400 million per year starting in 1983, then increased to one billion dollars per year from 1988 to 1989 and was the last payment in 1990 was estimated at $ 500 million. Remained Iraqi relations - a good American to the day when the Iraqi army invaded Kuwait.
In July 1990, was the Iraqi army has begun are concentrated on the Iraq-Kuwait border in July 25, 1990 Saddam Hussein met with U.S. Ambassador April Glaspie in Baghdad, which said that her country would not intervene in the dispute Kuwaiti and Iraqi, who is likely that some of Saddam Hussein's considered a "green light". It is worth mentioning that the newspaper "The Washington Post" American published in the later news that the Foreign Minister of Kuwait had fainted at the Arab summit held in Saudi Arabia, which ended on August 1 without significant results when confronted by the representative of Iraq and the Kuwaiti Foreign Minister a document confidential alleged that Iraqi intelligence obtained, this document, which insisted that Kuwait and the CIA as a fraud and was read as meaning "that a meeting was held between the head of intelligence Kuwait Fahad Ahmad Al-Fahad, Chairman of the CIA William Webster in November 1989 and was trading in how to undermine the Iraqi economy to exert pressure on Iraq to resolve the outstanding border problems between the two countries. "
Invasion of Kuwait
In the early dawn of August 2, 1990 Alyalkwyt Iraqi army entered and penetrated the Iraqi armored vehicles and tanks in the rear of Kuwait and the control of key positions in various parts of Kuwait, including tiles Amiri. Sweep of the Kuwaiti army was easily and without resistance but remember that heavy fighting took place near the Palace of Emir of Kuwait, these skirmishes were capable of gaining enough time to Emir of Kuwait from resorting to Saudi Arabia.
The Iraqi army control of the Kuwaiti television and radio were arrested thousands of Kuwaiti civilians as well as large numbers of foreigners who were in Kuwait at the time who were using them as hostages later. Began looting and widespread looting by Iraqi forces included all the facilities of Kuwait from the most basic food on the shelves of markets to sophisticated medical devices and began an organized campaign to transfer what has it to the takeover of Iraq. Iraqi army committed numerous crimes against the Kuwaiti people as processes extrajudicial executions and the rape of women, and the executions were carried out in front of the victim's home and in the presence of his family and then forced the family to pay for the bullets to receive the body. The Kuwaitis have been subjected to various kinds of torture and abuse, and remind the system after the fall of Saddam Hussein was found on the graves of nearly 600 Kuwaiti prisoners were executed in Iraq. The Iraqi authorities and propaganda purposes set up a puppet government headed by Alaa Hussein Ali, from August 4, 1990 to August 8, 1990 for any period of four days and was Alaa Hussein Ali, a dual Iraqi and Kuwaiti where he grew up in Kuwait and graduated from Baghdad University and belonged to the Baath Party in the days of the study and became an officer in Kuwaiti Army. On August 8, 1990 was Iraq's annexation of Kuwait had not heard any news about Alaa Hussein Ali until 1998, when he realized that he left Iraq to Turkey under a false name and settled in Norway noted that the Kuwaiti courts sentenced him to death in 1993.
The Iraqi version of events and tried to Iraqi media outlets published is that the military coup happened in Kuwait, led by the Kuwaiti officer Alaa Hussein Ali, who seek the support of Iraq to overthrow the Emir of Kuwait, but this analysis was not addressed, acceptance of international public opinion.
The position of the Arab States of the war
Varied Arab League states its position on the war, Jordan officially announced his support for Iraq and considered the war aggression against the Arab nation as reflected in the statement of Jordan, and like I did the PLO to Palestinian and Yemen, Sudan and Libya, with a reservation of Algeria and Tunisia, and supported the war all of the Gulf states, Egypt, Syria, Morocco . Arab League Secretary-Chadli Klibi announced his resignation start hour up to the war on Iraq.
Diplomatic means
Hours after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait called on Kuwait and the United States to hold an emergency meeting of the Security Council resolution was passed by 660, which condemned the invasion and demanded Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. August 3 Arab League held an emergency meeting and taken the same action On August 6 the Security Council passed a resolution imposing economic sanctions on Iraq. After the invasion of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia has started to express concerns about the likelihood of invasion of its territory and the probability played a major role in the acceleration of procedures and alliances to protect Saudi oil fields, which, if seized by Iraq would have consequences not incurred in the ability of the West. The size of the debt Arabia to Iraq during the first Gulf War than the volume of Kuwaiti debt, as was estimated at about $ 26 billion and increasing the size of those fears is the media campaign by Iraq of carrying out the Saudi Arabia where he described the king of Saudi Arabia as a "traitor of the Two Holy Mosques" and the Iraqi President to add the word of God more on the Iraqi flag in an attempt to give a religious character to the campaign and try to win the Muslim Brotherhood and Saudi dissidents and the volume of this nature in religious propaganda campaign against Saudi Arabia when the foreign troops began pouring into Saudi Arabia.
Initially told U.S. President George HW Bush that the goal of the campaign is to prevent Iraqi forces from invading Saudi territory, and called the campaign named Operation Desert Shield and U.S. forces began to flow to Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1990 On the same day Iraq announced the annexation of Kuwait and considered "the ninth province century. " Volume degenerated into the military in Saudi Arabia to 500,000 troops.
In the midst of this degenerated into military issued a series of Security Council resolutions and the Arab League and was the most important decision No. 678 of the Security Council and issued on November 29, 1990, which gave the January 15, 1991 deadline for Iraq to withdraw its troops from Kuwait, but the coalition forces will "use all necessary means for the application of Security Council resolution No. 660.
The U.S. Secretary of State James Baker to collect 34 countries in the coalition against Iraq and was 74% of the total number of soldiers that were mobilized were U.S. soldiers and the total number of soldiers to the 660,000 coalition forces. The United States has a number of actions to win over public opinion in the American public to accept the idea of American intervention in the issue of Kuwait, where he emerged as voices of opposition to intervention in the street the U.S. and one of these actions was the creation of the citizens of Kuwait free, which was funded with Kuwait, where the information campaigns to gain the trust of the American public and global levels. Iraq began attempts to public information to link the invasion of Kuwait issues, "the Arab nation," announced Iraq that any withdrawal from Kuwait must be accompanied by a Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and the Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights have received these proposals Iraqi ears of the King Hussein Bin Talal of Jordan and King Hassan II of Morocco, Yasser Arafat, President of the Palestinian Authority
Air campaign
In the early dawn of January 16, 1991, a day after the expiry of an ultimatum given by the Security Council for Iraq to withdraw his forces from Kuwait, launched a coalition aircraft air campaign, an intensive and wide-ranging, including all of Iraq from north to south at a rate of 1000 an air raid a day. On January 17, 1991, President Saddam Hussein issued a statement from the Iraqi radio network, announcing that "the mother of all battles has begun."
Used in this air campaign of the bombs so-called smart bombs, cluster bombs and cruise missiles. Iraq has responded to these air campaigns directed eight Scud missiles (surface) to targets inside Israel on January 18, 1991. In addition to the launch of Scud missiles on each of the cities of Dhahran and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and among the top targets hit by Iraqi missiles into Saudi territory hit a military zone in Dhahran led to killing 28 U.S. troops, prompting a retaliatory after the withdrawal of Iraqi forces and the bombing of the withdrawn forces in the process of called the Road of Death. In Riyadh, Iraqi missiles hit the building and the building of the Civil Status Najd National Schools, which was empty at the time. The first objective of the coalition forces is to destroy the Iraqi air defense forces to be able to do so after Bgaradtha easily have been achieved this goal quickly and easily where the plane was shot down and only one of the coalition aircraft in the early days of the air campaign. Most aircraft operating from Saudi territory and six aircraft carriers stationed in the Persian Gulf.
After the destruction of most of the Iraqi air defense forces have become focal points leading second goal of the air raids was extensive damage to contact points, making contact is almost non-existent between the military leadership and Iraqi army pieces. The Iraqi warplanes flights clouds brought down 38 aircraft MiG Iraq by air defenses of the Coalition forces, and realized Iraq that Tairadthaalsovitip made is not able to penetrate air defenses to coalition forces arose to send the remainder of its aircraft to Iran, and Iraq has begun in the January 23, 1991 the process of pouring a deliberate to approximately one million tons of crude oil to the waters of Persian Gulf.
After the destruction of air defenses and focal points of Iraq began raids targeting rules of the launch of Iraqi Scud missiles and research centers of Iraqi military and warships of Iraq and Iraqi military units stationed in Kuwait and the centers of power and call centers up and refining and distribution centers of oil and Iraqi ports, bridges, railways and stations of water purification has resulted in this targeting destruction of the Iraqi infrastructure to the consequences of its effects are still fixed on to this day.
Coalition forces tried during the air campaign and to avoid damage to civilians, but in February 13, 1991 destroyed the "intelligent missiles" Amiriya shelter, which were raised much debate that led to the deaths of more than 400 Iraqis, mostly women and children.
Iraq began targeting rules of coalition forces in Saudi Arabia as well as to target Israel, which was apparently an attempt by the Iraqi leadership to draw Israel into the conflict the hope that this will lead to a crack in the ranks of the coalition, especially among the Arab forces to join the coalition, but this attempt did not succeed because Israel did not respond did not join the coalition.
On January 29, 1991 managed to units of Iraqi forces from control of the city of Al Khafji Saudi Arabia, but the forces of the Saudi National Guard in addition to the power of country were able to control the city, and finds military analysts that if the Iraqi force in control of the Khafji larger for This led to a significant change in the balance War as the city of Khafji with a strategic importance as a conduit for the oil fields of eastern Saudi Khafji was not protected with great force which was seized upon by the military leadership in Iraq. It is called this battle as the Battle of Khafji.
U.S. incursions on the ground
On February 22, 1991, Iraq agreed to a Soviet proposal to cease fire and withdraw from the occupied Kuwait during the period of 3 weeks to be overseeing the withdrawal by the Security Council. The United States has not agreed to this proposal, but "promised" it will not attack retreating Iraqi units and gave out only 24 hours to Iraqi forces complete withdrawal from Kuwait in full.
On February 24, 1991 began Coalition forces pushed into Kuwaiti territory and after 3 days have been re-control of Kuwait and the coalition forces convergence in the way by large numbers of Iraqi soldiers who were Mnharrin all Mathml of the word meanings and agencies have begun to news scenes of soldiers who have surrendered themselves to the Coalition forces and most of them barefoot, hungry, Mnharrin morally.

The first Gulf War

First Gulf War, also called the Iran-Iraq war (called by the Iraqi government on behalf of Qaddissiya Saddam) was a war between the armed forces of the State of Iraq, Iran, lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. Considered this war of the longest conventional war in the twentieth century and led to the deaths of nearly a million casualties and financial losses estimated at 1.19 trillion U.S. dollars, have changed war political equations for the Middle East and whose outcomes had the greatest impact on the factors that led to the second Gulf War or the so-called Desert storm in 1991.
The root of differences Iraq - Iran
The origins of the differences Iraqi - Iranian centuries of time where there was constantly in disputes and disagreements about the hegemony over the region between the successive kingdoms in Mesopotamia (Iraq) and the Persian Empire. Before the dominance of the Ottoman Empire in Iraq, Iraq was part of the Persian Empire, and before that vast areas of Iran under the control of the Babylonians and Assyrians, but the situation has changed in the reign of Murad IV, where I take the opportunity to double the Safavids were able to include Iraq to Ottoman rule, but differences on the demarcation of the border remained the problem of stuck. Between 1555 and 1975 have been signed at least 18 agreements to demarcate the border between Iraq and Iran. One of the roots of the dispute back to the question of sovereignty over the marsh area inhabited by Iranian Arabs in the southwest province of Iran Arabistan / spaces, an area rich in oil. In 1959, after one year of the coming of the leader Abdel Karim Qassim to power in Iraq has supported the movements for independence in the marsh and Older Abdul Karim Qassim to raise the issue of the Arab League, but success did not unlucky Abdul Karim Qassem, who was killed in a coup led by the Baath party in 1963.
In 1969, after the coming of the Baath Party to power in Iraq's deputy prime minister in Iraq that Arabistan spaces is part of Iraq, Iraqi state radio also began publishing data urges the Arab people of Ahwaz for revolution against the Shah's regime in Iran. In 1971, Iraq cut off its diplomatic relations with Iran as a result of disagreements over the sovereignty of the United Arab Emirates over three islands of Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser after the withdrawal of British troops from them.
One of the main causes of the differences between Iraq and Iran was a dispute over full sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab where she was under full Iraqi sovereignty before 1975, but the two countries Tkasemta sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab after the Algiers agreement in 1975 and that the palm of the impact of the Shah in Iran for help Kurdish rebels in Iraq , in exchange for waiver of some rights for Iraq in the Shatt al Arab, Iraq and benefited from this agreement to stop the Iranian aid to the Kurdish rebel movement led by Mustafa Barzani and the Iraqi regime's success in the eradication of the Kurdish revolution.
When the advent of Saddam Hussein to power in Iraq in 1979 was the Iranian army army is weak after he was classified as the fourth army in the world because of restructuring and was leading former army to a campaign of arrests by Sadiq Khalkhali governor proceeded to Iran after the arrival of the Islamic Revolution came to power in Iran, along with of U.S. sanctions, making the Iranian army army is weak compared to arming the Iraqi army. When there were signs of "exporting the Islamic revolution" to the Middle East in the words of some nations have begun the region with the Shiite minority, such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to express concern about the spillover of the Islamic Revolution Shia to their areas, all of these factors in addition to other factors played a major role in igniting the sparks of the first fuse war.
The beginnings of the war
Diplomatic relations Iraqi - Iranian deteriorate in 1980 after border conflicts clouds. After Saddam Hussein in the September 17, 1980 to tear the Algiers Convention of 1975, which was signed when he was a vice-president of Iraq at the time with the Shah of Iran in 1975 and restored Iraq's Shatt al-Arab, who stood down with him to Iran Under that agreement, and fully considered the Shatt al-Arab part of Iraq's territorial waters. Compounding the situation is complicated by the attempt to assassinate the then Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz by members of the Iraqi Islamic Dawa Party, which was in favor of the Islamic regime in Iran. Claimed that the regime of President Saddam Hussein that the Iranian forces began military operations by bombing of the stations, border region Mundhiriyah and the border between the province of Wasit and Diyala province, also claimed to provide the Iranian forces toward the Iraqi areas in the regions of Saif Saad, Zain arc has sent the Iraqi Foreign Ministry messages to the UN about what it says border violations of the Iraqi government responded by sending an air raid, Iraqi fighters in the Iranian target Iranian military airports in a number of major Iranian cities.
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein that Iraq's demands of war with Iran are: the recognition of Iraqi sovereignty on the national territory of Iraq and its waters, river and sea, and end the Iranian occupation of the islands of Greater and Lesser and Abu Musa in the Gulf at the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz, and keeping Iran from interfering in the internal affairs of Iraq.
The Iraqi army made an incursion into Iranian territory without a little resistance at the beginning of the command. But soon began to Iranian forces leprosy ranks and volunteered about 100,000 Iranians to go to the battlefront weeks after the incursion of the Iraqi and the Iraqi army began to realize that the Iranian army is not a weakness, which was expected. And by 1982 the Army managed to Iran to re-control of all areas that were under the control of the Iraqi army, prompting the Iraqi government to display the initiative for a cease-fire in 1982 but this initiative has not met with deaf ears to the Iranian government, which was apparently designed to overthrow the government President Saddam Hussein.
Tanker war
In 1981 began the so-called tanker war, and was a target mutual carriers and tankers and merchant marine of the two countries in order to cut off supplies to the economic and military aid to the warring armies. It has not been limited to target vessels of the two warring factions, but extended to include countries that support in May 13, 1984 attacked a ship near the Bahrain and Kuwait May 16, 1984 a ship was attacked by Saudi Arabia Iranian warships in the Kuwait and Saudi Arabia from countries supporting Iraq. Were destroyed total of 546 merchant ship during the war of the tankers and ships the majority of Kuwaiti prompting the Kuwaiti government to request international assistance to protect their ships in 1987, arose the United States to raise the flag on Kuwaiti ships to protect them. But this action did not prevent the Iranians from attacking ships prompting the U.S. fleet to attack Iranian ships, and of the most famous of these attacks, the attack, which occurred in April 18, 1988, destroyed the Iranian planes were warships.
U.S. forces have conducted an attack in July 3, 1988 led to the destruction of an aircraft passenger civilians, U.S. forces said later that he had signed by mistake by U.S. warplanes, which led to the deaths of 290 passengers were on board the plane.
In the midst of all these events was to uncover the scandal of Iran - Contra scandal within the ranks of management then U.S. President Ronald Reagan have been detected from the fact that the U.S. was in addition to support for Iraq, they at the same time was selling weapons to Iran and used money from the deal to support the rebels in Nicaragua.
War of the Cities
With the approaching end of the war began inactivity appears on the performance of the Iraqi army and Iran, as a result of depletion of long-ammunition military and manpower for the two armies, started a black stage in the history of war, the shelling of cities at random by Scud missiles or land - the land of the long-term where killing many innocent civilians.
And Iraqi forces began air strikes, a strategy for the cities of Iran, and targeted strikes against Tehran, essentially with the beginning of 1985, arose Iran bombed the capital Baghdad, long-range Scud missiles. Iraq responded similarly bombed Tehran. And reached the level of targeting Iraq's civil aircraft and train stations and the destruction of forty-three school in 1986 only led to the deaths of hundreds of pupils and similarly Iran Khadtp "the school of Tours," staged claimed the lives of many Iraqi children, and the two countries the use of chemical weapons in the war and Iraq's more to that came to condemn the UN for the use of chemical weapons in 1983, did not enjoy the Iranian government with international support to reverse Iraq, which had the attribution of a broad-based, all these factors combined led to Iran's agreement to a truce proposed by the United Nations, described Khomeini's "poisoned chalice" as he put it in August 8, 1988, Iran was rejects any resolution from the Security Council unless it recognizes that Iraq is the initiator of assault and adoption of the necessary compensation to Iran, which may reach $ 200 billion.
However, three years after the war ended in 1991, one month after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and Iraq agreed to be bound by the Convention in 1975 and signed with Iran. Countries and returned to the zero point
Weapons and countries that supplied arms
The Iraqi army is arming mainly from the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries in the decades that preceded the Iraq war - Iran. During the war, Iraq has purchased weapons estimated worth billions from the Soviet Union, China, Egypt, Germany, and by Germany, France, Spain and the United Kingdom and the United States of America to build Iraq's arsenal of weapons of all, France has provided Iraq with nuclear technology; where the French company building a nuclear reactor Osirak nuclear program, which launched Iraq by the label's nuclear reactor which was destroyed by Israeli aircraft in June 7, 1981. Most of the financial support of Iraq comes from two Alnaftytin-rich Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
The ratio of sales of weapons Iraq since 1970 to 1990 to approximately 10% of arms deals in the world and the percentages were as follows:
Soviet Union * 61% to $ 19.2 billion U.S. dollars. France * 18% $ 5.5 billion U.S. dollars. * China 5% $ 1.7 billion U.S. dollars. * Brazil 4% to $ 1.1 billion U.S. dollars. * Egypt 4% to $ 1.1 billion U.S. dollars * Other countries 6% to $ 2.9 billion U.S. dollars.
For the Iranian army was not at the time of arming the Shah before the coming of the Islamic revolution by the United States of America, during the war, Syria, Libya, North Korea and China to supply Iran with weapons. The United States Alomrikipo Israel indirectly and discreetly to provide arms to Iran. But has been detected for one of these deals, which dubbed the Iran - Contra affair.
During the war been used Iranian Air Force aircraft, an American-made what was in their possession since the days of the Shah, for example, jets, F4, F5, AH-1 Cobra, F14, but with the continuation of the war is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain spare parts for these aircraft because of the international isolation of Iran as well as because of air raids on the Iraqi military airports, which led to the loss of most of Iran's fighter planes, which cleared the air of the Iraqi Air alone.
The Iraqi air forces used Soviet-made aircraft, such as:
MiG-21 MiG-23 MiG-25 fighter jets intercept an air high-speed with a great ability to maneuver Sukhoi-22 Sukhoi-24, which was for Iraq, including several swarms air worries about Israel strongly time and that the capacity of each aircraft carrying 8 tons of bombs at one time Tu -16 long-range bombers and French aircraft such as Mirage and was loaned to France only for Iraq and refused to sell him.
The role of the United States of America
After the Islamic revolution in Iran began relations with Iran - U.S. to deteriorate and the U.S. Administration began thinking that dealing with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is the "lesser of two evils" according to the State Department, for fear of the idea of "exporting the Islamic revolution" by the West to provide Iraq with materials with a "dual use" for example, computers and sophisticated armored ambulances and chemical fertilizer.
Used the U.S. administration the American branch of the largest Italian bank in the United States of America, which was based in Atlanta, Georgia to convert the amounts of $ 5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989, the envoy of the White House, Donald Rumsfeld to meet with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein twice in the December 19, 1983 and March 24, 1984. It is worth mentioning that the March 24, 1984 date of the second meeting between Rumsfeld and Saddam Hussein is the same day was issued by the United Nations issued a statement deploring the use of Iraq's chemical weapons in the war has the United States to provide military intelligence and aerial maps of Iraq and at the same time, the arming Iran indirectly by the arms deal scandal known name Iran - Contra affair has shown the reports of U.S. intelligence was declassified recently and the details can be found in * [1] that the U.S. was in their interest to prolong the war and to prevent Iran's progress Nasr military in the war. In September 1989 after the end of the war revealed the Financial Times for information that the White House was behind the financial support for Iraq's acquisition of chemical weapons and nuclear technology. In December 2002, when supplied Iraq with weapons inspections to the Commission with detailed information on programs of weapons of mass destruction, an attempt to avoid US-led invasion appeared the names of American companies, for example, a company of Maryland and Tinsse company and two companies were specialized chemical substances.
Weapons of mass destruction
And reached the number of victims of Iran from using Iraq to about 100,000 chemical weapons during the eight years of war, with estimated statistics that 20,000 troops were killed as a result of Iranian use of nerve gas to Iraq, and 5000 Iranian soldier were wounded chronic diseases by the use of mustard gas. There is a general feeling of resentment among Iranians to this day support of Western countries to Iraq in the development of its biological, chemical and is bombing the city of Halabja with chemical weapons of the most prominent examples of the use of chemical weapons in the war, it is worth mentioning that the former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein by denying any connection to events Halabja during the meetings investigative initial trial of Saddam Hussein. have been raised allegations by the regime of Saddam Hussein that Iran is responsible for the bombing of Halabja with chemical weapons, which led the strikes chemical to the deaths of more than five thousand people a civilian and wounding at least twenty-five thousand other sons of the city of Halabja, on the other hand according to a report from Halabja, told U.S. military intelligence, excerpted parts of it magazine Alvelij Voice Village Voice of America, known in its edition published on May 1, May 2002, as follows: "Most of the victims in Halabja, causing their deaths solution of cyanogen chloride also reached , but this is not the chemical agent used by Iraq's once, but that Iran is interested in it. The mustard gas casualties in the town, it is likely they spent the Iraqi weapons, because Iran did not notice that they never used. "
Was also used chemical weapons by Iraq in the Anfal operations, a campaign of genocide and displacement of Kurdish villages continued for a period of several months, led to the occurrence of victims among the dead and wounded and missing, estimated at more than one hundred thousand, was the destruction of many Kurdish villages in northern Iraq on impact.
The use of human waves in the battles
As a result of non-possession of the Iranian military to effective technology to penetrate the minefields that have been planted by the Iraqi army and the effectiveness of the clergy in Iran in fueling nationalist sentiment and religious Iranians have volunteered to large numbers of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (Basdar) and militia volunteers launched their label (Basij) and has been their use human waves to penetrate the defensive lines of the Iraqi minefields, and there were allegations that children as young as 9 years have participated in these human waves.
End of the war
After the extensive damage sustained by Iraq and Iran as a result of eight years of war and Iran agreed to a truce proposed by the United Nations, described Khomeini's "poisoned chalice" as he put it in the August 8, 1988 .. Was estimated losses of Iran about 150 billion dollars and the losses of Iraq 100 billion in addition to Iraq's debt, which amounted to high rates estimated at 80 billion dollars, including $ 14 billion awarded by the State of Kuwait to Iraq, which was a cause of Gulf War II, not to mention the victims of the enormous human from the two parties, surpassed one million people. Was the destruction of most infrastructure to extract oil in both countries as a result of aerial bombardment mutual.
Most of the border disputes at the end of the war remained unchanged until 1991. After one month of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and Iraq agreed to be bound by the Convention in 1975 and signed with Iran in 1975, Iraq admitted to the rights of Iran in the east side of the Shatt al-Arab. On December 9, 1991, three years after the end of the war the Security Council issued a statement it is stated that "an Iraqi attack on Iran in September 22, 1980 can not be justified under the laws of the United Nations," the statement which carry full responsibility for the Iraq war. It is worth mentioning that this statement was issued when international pressure on Iraq as a result of a large Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, where there was no such statement during the eight long years of war.

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